ntegrated Bioremediation and Subsurface-Flow (SSF) Constructed Wetland using Pistia stratiotes for Fishery Wastewater Treatment

Latifa Mirzatika Al-Rosyid; M. Ivan Ferdiansyah; Relova Rayya Agastya Hyrae

doi:10.21771/jrtppi.2026.v17.no2.p72-78

Authors

Latifa Mirzatika Al-Rosyid Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember
M. Ivan Ferdiansyah Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember
Relova Rayya Agastya Hyrae Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21771/jrtppi.2026.v17.no2.p72-78

Keywords:

Pistia Stratiotes, Fishery Wastewater, Bioremediation, Subsurface Flow, Constructed Wetland

Abstract

Fishery wastewater contains organic matter and suspended solids that may adversely affect receiving water bodies when discharged without adequate treatment. Nature-based treatment technologies using aquatic macrophytes offer a potentially simple and environmentally sustainable approach for wastewater management. This study evaluated an integrated sequential system combining Pistia stratiotes-based bioremediation and a subsurface-flow (SSF) constructed wetland for fishery wastewater treatment. Five plant–biomass combinations were evaluated, namely 100% coverage with 250 g initial biomass (A), 75% with 200 g (B), 50% with 150 g (C), 25% with 100 g (D), and an unplanted control (E), with three replicates per treatment. BOD₅, COD, and TSS were monitored on days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 at the influent, bioremediation outlet, and final SSF outlet. The 100% coverage–250 g combination showed the highest reported overall removal efficiencies at day 15: 74.00% for BOD₅, 66.96% for COD, and 73.75% for TSS. The linear mixed-effects model indicated significant treatment, day, and sampling-point effects, as well as treatment × day and treatment × sampling-point interactions (p < 0.001). Further work is needed to assess stage-specific performance, hydraulic conditions, and long-term stability.

References

Akhmad, A. G., Darman, S., Aiyen, A., & Hamsens, W. P. S. (2022). Pengaruh Typha angustifolia, Echinodorus paniculatus, dan Ludwigia adscendens terhadap kinerja horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland dalam penghapusan total coliform dan TSS. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan, 23(2), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v23i2.5057

Ali, M., Aslam, A., Qadeer, A., Javied, S., Nisar, N., Hassan, N., Hussain, A., Ali, B., Iqbal, R., Chaudhary, T., Alwahibi, M. S., & Elshikh, M. S. (2024). Domestic wastewater treatment by Pistia stratiotes in constructed wetland. Scientific Reports, 14, 7553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57329-y

Al-Rosyid, L.M., Komarayanti, S., Arifin, P.R. & Guritno, W. (2024). Bioremediation of Fishery Waste Using Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 31(3), 329-338. https://doi.org/10.2478/eces-2024-0022

Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2009). Air dan air limbah: Bagian 2: Cara uji kebutuhan oksigen kimiawi (Chemical Oxygen Demand/COD) dengan refluks tertutup secara spektrofotometri (SNI 6989.2:2009). Badan Standardisasi Nasional.

Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2009). Air dan air limbah: Bagian 72: Cara uji kebutuhan oksigen biokimiawi (Biochemical Oxygen Demand/BOD) (SNI 6989.72:2009). Badan Standardisasi Nasional.

Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2019). Air dan air limbah: Bagian 3: Cara uji padatan tersuspensi total (Total Suspended Solids/TSS) secara gravimetri (SNI 6989.3:2019). Badan Standardisasi Nasional.

Bourget, G. (2023). Statistical analysis of wastewater treatment plant data. SN Applied Sciences, 5, 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05357-0

Chowdhury, P., Viraraghavan, T., & Srinivasan, A. (2010). Biological treatment processes for fish processing wastewater: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101(2), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.065

De Rozari, P., & Ledoh, S. M. (2018). Penurunan konsentrasi BOD₅, COD dan padatan tersuspensi pada air limbah dengan menggunakan teknologi lahan basah buatan (constructed wetland). Al-Kimia, 6(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-kimia.v6i2.5819

Dewi, U. S., Santoso, S., & Proklamasiningsih, E. (2021). Fitoremediasi menggunakan kayu apu (Pistia stratiotes) untuk menurunkan kadar COD limbah cair tekstil. BioEksakta: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2021.3.2.4375

García, J., Rousseau, D. P. L., Morató, J., Lesage, E., Matamoros, V., & Bayona, J. M. (2010). Contaminant removal processes in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40(7), 561–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802471076

Hadi, S. N., & Pungut. (2022). Penurunan BOD, COD dan TSS pada limbah domestik menggunakan kombinasi floating wetland dilanjutkan constructed wetland. WAKTU: Jurnal Teknik UNIPA, 20(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.36456/waktu.v20i02.6044

Ilyas, H., & Masih, I. (2017). The performance of the intensified constructed wetlands for organic matter and nitrogen removal: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 198, 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.098

Imron, M. F., Firdaus, A. A. F., Flowerainsyah, Z. O., Rosyidah, D., Fitriani, N., Kurniawan, S. B., Abdullah, S. R. S., Abu Hasan, H., & Wibowo, Y. G. (2023). Phytotechnology for domestic wastewater treatment: Performance of Pistia stratiotes in eradicating pollutants and future prospects. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 51, 103429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103429

Kataki, S., Chatterjee, S., Vairale, M. G., Dwivedi, S. K., & Gupta, D. K. (2021). Constructed wetland, an eco-technology for wastewater treatment: A review on types of wastewater treated and components of the technology (macrophyte, biofilm and substrate). Journal of Environmental Management, 283, 111986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111986

Kusumaningtyas, R. L., Suwerda, B., & Mulyaningsih, T. (2025). Efektivitas pengolahan limbah cair tempe dengan sedimentasi dan fitoremediasi tanaman kayu apu (Pista stratiotes L.). Sanitasi: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 18(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.29238/sanitasi.v18i1.1422

Masalvad, S. K. S., Eloffy, M. G., Lavanya, B., Yadav, A., Arunkumar, P., Alqahtani, M. D., & Elgarahy, A. M. (2026). Effectiveness of constructed wetland as a green approach for aquaculture wastewater treatment: A case study. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 28(9), 2088–2104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2026.2643792

Mustafa, H. M., & Hayder, G. (2021). Recent studies on applications of aquatic weed plants in phytoremediation of wastewater: A review article. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.05.009

Panrare, A., Tondee, T., & Sohsalam, P. (2016). Effect of plant density in constructed wetland on domestic wastewater treating efficiency. International Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences, 2(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijaps.2.50002-1

Ratnawati, R., Sari, D. P., & Mukhtar, N. A. (2024). Leachate treatment using sub-surface flow constructed wetland by Hippochaetes lymenalis. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 14(2), 298. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.14.2.298

Saeed, T., & Sun, G. (2012). A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Dependency on environmental parameters, operating conditions and supporting media. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.011

Stottmeister, U., Wießner, A., Kuschk, P., Kappelmeyer, U., Kästner, M., Bederski, O., Müller, R. A., & Moormann, H. (2004). Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Biotechnology Advances, 22(1–2), 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.010

Vymazal, J., & Kröpfelová, L. (2009). Removal of organics in constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow: A review of the field experience. Science of the Total Environment, 407(13), 3911–3922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.032

Wibowo, Y. G., Nugraha, A. T., & Rohman, A. (2023). Phytoremediation of several wastewater sources using Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes in Indonesia. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 20, 100781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100781

Wu, H., Wang, R., Yan, P., Wu, S., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., Cheng, C., Hu, Z., Zhuang, L., Guo, Z., Xie, H., & Zhang, J. (2023). Constructed wetlands for pollution control. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4, 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00395-z